Question 1
Why are digestive enzymes described as biological catalysts?
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They speed up digestion reactions without being used up
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They are broken down to release energy for cells
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They dissolve food by osmosis
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They are absorbed unchanged into blood
Question 2
What does amylase mainly digest?
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Starch into sugars
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Proteins into amino acids
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Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
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Cellulose into glucose in humans
Question 3
What do protease enzymes digest proteins into?
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Amino acids
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Simple sugars
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Fatty acids and glycerol
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Carbon dioxide and water
Question 4
What do lipase enzymes break down lipids into?
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Fatty acids and glycerol
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Amino acids
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Glucose and oxygen
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Starch and maltose
Question 5
Where is bile produced?
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Liver
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Gall bladder
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Pancreas
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Small intestine
Question 6
Where is bile stored before release into the small intestine?
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Gall bladder
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Liver
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Pancreas
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Stomach
Question 7
What does bile emulsification do?
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Forms small fat droplets
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Hydrolyses fat to glycerol
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Neutralises stomach acid
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Absorbs fat into lacteals
Question 8
Which villus feature provides a large absorption surface?
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Microvilli on epithelial cells
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One-cell-thick epithelium
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Dense capillary network
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A lacteal in each villus
Question 9
What is the main function of the heart?
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To pump blood around the body
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To produce red blood cells
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To filter urea from blood
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To absorb oxygen from inhaled air
Question 10
Where do coronary arteries receive the blood they supply?
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The aorta
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The vena cava
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The pulmonary artery
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The pulmonary vein
Question 11
What mainly causes coronary heart disease?
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Fatty deposits narrow coronary arteries
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A clot blocks the vena cava
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Heart valves allow backflow
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Heart muscle contracts too strongly
Question 12
What does a coronary stent do?
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Keeps a narrowed artery open
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Lowers blood cholesterol
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Replaces a damaged valve
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Reroutes blood around a blockage
Question 13
What are statins used to do?
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Reduce blood cholesterol
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Hold coronary arteries open
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Reroute blood around blockages
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Replace damaged heart valves
Question 14
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
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Artery
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Vein
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Capillary
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Venule
Question 15
Why do arteries have thick muscular and elastic walls?
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To withstand and maintain high blood pressure
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To allow one-way valves to open
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To maximise diffusion over a short distance
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To carry blood at very low pressure
Question 16
Why do veins contain valves?
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To prevent backflow of blood
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To increase diffusion of oxygen
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To generate pulse pressure
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To produce red blood cells
Question 17
What is the benefit of one-cell-thick capillary walls?
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Short diffusion distance
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High-pressure resistance
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Backflow prevention
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Pulse maintenance
Question 18
What is the main role of plasma in blood?
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Transport dissolved substances around the body
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Carry oxygen using haemoglobin
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Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
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Cause clotting by forming fibrin
Question 19
Which pair adapts red blood cells to carry oxygen?
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Haemoglobin and biconcave shape
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Haemoglobin and a nucleus
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Biconcave shape and chlorophyll
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Large surface area and antibodies
Question 20
Which tissue transports dissolved sugars around a plant?
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Phloem
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Xylem
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Epidermis
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Mesophyll
Question 21
Which bile action creates alkaline conditions in the small intestine?
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Neutralising stomach acid
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Emulsifying fat droplets
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Activating stomach protease
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Breaking starch into sugars
Question 22
Why can high temperature reduce enzyme activity?
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The active site changes shape
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Substrate concentration falls
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More active sites form
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The pH reaches its optimum
Question 23
Which blood component starts clot formation?
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Platelets
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Red blood cells
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Lymphocytes
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Plasma
Question 24
Which heart chamber pumps blood to the body?
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Left ventricle
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Right ventricle
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Left atrium
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Right atrium
Question 25
What does a rich capillary supply maintain in villi?
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A steep concentration gradient
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A large surface area
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A short diffusion distance
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An alkaline pH
Question 26
What does xylem transport?
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Water and mineral ions
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Dissolved sugars
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Amino acids
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Oxygen in blood
Question 27
Which feature helps root hair cells absorb mineral ions?
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Many mitochondria
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A large vacuole
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Many chloroplasts
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A thick cellulose wall
Question 28
What is transpiration?
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Loss of water vapour from leaves
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Movement of sugars through phloem
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Uptake of mineral ions by roots
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Movement of pollen between flowers
Question 29
What is cancer?
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Uncontrolled cell division
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Programmed cell death
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Specialised cell differentiation
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Controlled tissue repair
Question 30
Heart rate is \(70\,\mathrm{min^{-1}}\) and stroke volume is \(80\,\mathrm{cm^3}\). What is cardiac output?
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\(5600\,\mathrm{cm^3/min}\)
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\(150\,\mathrm{cm^3/min}\)
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\(0.875\,\mathrm{cm^3/min}\)
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\(1.14\,\mathrm{cm^3/min}\)