Question 1
Which gas makes up most of the Earth's atmosphere today?
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Nitrogen
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Oxygen
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Carbon dioxide
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Argon
Question 2
Roughly what percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen?
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About \(21\%\)
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About \(78\%\)
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About \(50\%\)
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About \(1\%\)
Question 3
What is thought to have been a major source of gases in Earth's early atmosphere?
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Volcanic activity
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Combustion engines
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Photosynthesis from forests
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Nuclear power stations
Question 4
Compared with today, which pair describes Earth's early atmosphere?
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Low O₂; high CO₂
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High O₂; low CO₂
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Low O₂; low CO₂
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High O₂; high CO₂
Question 5
How did oxygen levels in the atmosphere increase over time?
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Photosynthetic algae and plants released oxygen
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Volcanoes released oxygen directly
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Combustion of fossil fuels increased oxygen
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Oxygen formed from nitrogen without reactions
Question 6
How do greenhouse gases warm Earth?
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Absorb and re-emit outgoing infrared
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Reflect all incoming visible light
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Absorb outgoing radio waves
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Convert ultraviolet into oxygen
Question 7
Which gas is a major greenhouse gas produced by complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
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Carbon dioxide
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Nitrogen
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Hydrogen
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Argon
Question 8
Which gas is mainly produced by incomplete combustion of fuels?
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Carbon monoxide
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Oxygen
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Nitrogen dioxide
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Sulfur trioxide
Question 9
Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?
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It binds haemoglobin and reduces oxygen transport
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It dissolves lung tissue as a strong acid
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It blocks airways as solid particles
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It destroys ozone inside red blood cells
Question 10
Which pollutants are major causes of acid rain?
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Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
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Carbon dioxide and methane
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Oxygen and nitrogen
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Hydrogen and chlorine
Question 11
Which effect can acid rain cause?
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Acidified lakes and eroded limestone
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Eutrophied lakes and thicker ozone
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Global dimming and rising soil pH
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Saltwater intrusion and algal blooms
Question 12
Which health problem is linked to diesel particulates?
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Respiratory disease
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Vitamin deficiency
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Hearing damage
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Bone fractures
Question 13
Which pollutants do catalytic converters reduce?
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Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons
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Carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen
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Sulfur dioxide, soot and methane
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Nitrogen, argon and hydrogen
Question 14
What does a product's carbon footprint include?
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Direct and indirect greenhouse-gas emissions
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Carbon dioxide emitted during transport
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Carbon stored in its raw materials
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Energy used by the customer
Question 15
Which change reduces a household’s carbon footprint the most?
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Insulating the home and lowering heating use
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Recycling more household packaging
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Switching to energy-saving light bulbs
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Buying more locally grown vegetables
Question 16
Why do climate projections contain uncertainty?
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Climate has many interacting variables
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Models cannot use measured data
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Atmospheric composition is fixed
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Past climate records contain no evidence
Question 17
Which are major stores in the carbon cycle?
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Atmosphere, oceans, rocks and organisms
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Atmosphere, metals, stars and organisms
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Oceans, clouds, magnets and rocks
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Organisms, rivers, planets and metals
Question 18
Which equation represents complete combustion of methane?
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\(\mathrm{CH}_{4} + 2\mathrm{O}_{2} \to \mathrm{CO}_{2} + 2\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\)
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\(\mathrm{CH}_{4} + \mathrm{O}_{2} \to \mathrm{CO} + \mathrm{H}_{2}\)
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\(\mathrm{CH}_{4} + \mathrm{O}_{2} \to \mathrm{C} + 2\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\)
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\(2\mathrm{CH}_{4} + \mathrm{O}_{2} \to 2\mathrm{CO}_{2} + 2\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\)
Question 19
Why does atmospheric methane contribute to climate change?
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It absorbs outgoing infrared radiation
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It reflects incoming radio waves
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It converts nitrogen into oxygen
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It blocks visible light from plants
Question 20
Why is reducing sulfur content in fuels beneficial?
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It reduces sulfur dioxide emissions and acid rain
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It increases carbon monoxide formation
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It raises nitrogen oxide emissions
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It removes the need for catalytic converters
Question 21
Which process formed Earth's first oceans as its atmosphere cooled?
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Condensation
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Evaporation
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Freezing
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Sublimation
Question 22
What removed much early atmospheric carbon dioxide as Earth cooled?
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Dissolution and carbonate formation
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Photosynthesis and fossil-fuel formation
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Escape into space
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Condensation into liquid carbon dioxide
Question 23
What is the approximate percentage of nitrogen in today’s atmosphere?
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78%
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21%
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1%
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50%
Question 24
Approximately what percentage of today's atmosphere is carbon dioxide?
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0.04%
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1%
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21%
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78%
Question 25
Which radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by greenhouse gases?
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Infrared
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Ultraviolet
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Visible light
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X-rays
Question 26
How does carbon capture reduce emissions?
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It stores carbon dioxide before atmospheric release
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It converts carbon dioxide into oxygen
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It filters methane from the whole atmosphere
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It prevents carbon-containing fuels burning
Question 27
Which solid pollutant can incomplete combustion produce?
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Carbon particulates
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Lead particulates
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Sulfate particulates
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Metal-oxide ash
Question 28
Which effects are linked to nitrogen oxides?
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Acid rain and breathing problems
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Global dimming and skin cancer
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Eutrophication and hearing loss
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Ozone repair and improved lung function
Question 29
Which method reduces sulfur dioxide from power stations?
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Flue-gas desulfurisation
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A particulate filter
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A catalytic converter
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Carbon capture
Question 30
Which human activity is a significant source of methane?
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Cattle farming
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Photosynthesis
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Using wind turbines
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Filtering water